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Ancient and Colonial Latin American
History Time Line
Use this timeline to help you locate events you want to read about and/or research. The timeline runs in chronological fashion, so you can trace our progress. The dating system refers to CE (common era, also known as AD ano domini, the year of our Lord, and BCE Before Common Era, also known as BC, Before Christ). Prehistoric Times, circa 14,500 BCE-100 BCE - circa 14,500 BCE * Asian migrants cross Bering Land bridge and enter North America
- circa 12,000 BCE * Migrants have made their way all the way to Chile
- 6500-5000 BCE * Beginnings of agriculture, including maize production
- 2000 BCE * Huastecas and other proto-Maya cultures in Mexico
- 1200 BCE-00 * Olmecs in Mexico
- 1200-400 * Chavn in Andean South America
- 400 BCE-1500 CE * Zapotecs (Monte Alban, Mixtla)
- 400 BCE - 1000 CE *Nazca coastal culture, western South America Classic Period, 100 BCE-900 CE
- 31 BCE * First dated Olmec monument, early glyph writing
- 00-300 CE * Pre-classic Maya
- circa 50 CE * Maya leave first written records in Western Hemisphere
- 100 CE * Sun temple built at Teotihuacan
- 217 * Carbon dating of oldest Pueblo roof beam, Southwest
- 300-900 * Classic Maya
- 642 * Palenque built
- 200-900 * Teotihuacan expands
- 400-1000 * Tiahuanaco empire, Andean South America
- 711 * Tariq ibn Ziyad attacks southern Spain beginning the Islamic conquest there
- 890 * Maya produce first book in the Americas,
- circa 850-900 * Great Mayan cities of Central America deserted Post-Classic Period, 900-1492CE
- 800-1200 * Toltecs
- 985-1000 Norse explores establish settlements in Greenland and Newfoundland
- 1100 * Cuzco (Peru) founded
- 1168-1522 * Aztecs enter and later control Central Valley of Mexico
- 1325 * Aztecs occupy island called Tenochititlan
- 1350 * Rapid Inca expansion in Andean South America Exploration and Conquest, 1492-1550
- 1415-60 * Prince Henry the Navigator opens the great Portuguese "Age of Exploration"
- 1479 * Ferdinand II and Isabella I unite the crowns of Aragon and Castille in Spain
- 1492 * Spanish Roman Catholics expell the last of the Muslims and Jews from Spain
- 1492 * Columbus makes landfall in the Bahamas on October 12
- 1494 * Treaty of Tordesillas divides the New World between Spain and Portugal
- 1500 * Pedro Alvares Cabral claims the Brazilian "hump" for Portugal
- 1507 * A German cartographer publishes a map of the New World, using the name America in honor of Amerigo Vespucci (1454-1512)
- 1513 * Vasco Nuez de Balboa views the "South Sea" from Panama, the Pacific Ocean
- 1513-21 *Ponce de Leon explores Florida on two expeditions
- 1519-22 *Cortez enters, lays siege to, and conquers Aztec capital Tenochtitlan
- 1519 * Ferdinand Magellan begins a westward circumnavigation of the earth. Killed in the Philippines, his crew completed the round-the-world voyage back to Spain in 1522
- 1527-32 * Civil war between Inca brothers Atahualpa and Huascar
- 1532 * Pizarro captures Atahualpa, ending the Inca Empire
- 1535 * Maya defeat and force out all Spaniards from the Yucatan
- 1540 * Pedro de Valdivia begins the conquest of Chile Colonial Era, 1550-1800 Habsburg Dynasty / Spain, 1516-1700
- 1516-56 * King Charles I
- 1524 * Council of the Indies established to help administer the new colonies
- 1535 * Antonio de Mendoza becomes first Spanish viceroy
- 1536 * Pedro de Mendoza founds Buenos Aires
- 1539-41 * Hernando de Soto departs Havana and explores North America in search of the Seven Cities of Cibola
- 1539 * First printing press set up in the New World at Mexico City
- 1540 Francisco Vasquez de Coronado explores north from Mexico to the Great Plains
- 1542 * Bartolome de las Casas pushed "New Laws" to reform treatment of Indians
- 1556-98 * King Philip II
- 1598 * Juan del Oate established Spanish settlement in New Mexico
- 1598-1621 * King Philip III
- 1609 * Spanish establish Santa Fe, New Mexico
- 1621-65 * King Philip IV
- 1665-1700 * King Charles II
- 1680-92 * Massive Pueblo revolt drives Spaniards out of northern frontier
- 1697 * Last of the Maya defeated by Spaniards Bourbon Dynasty/ Spain, 1700-1808
- 1700-46 * King Philip V (abdicated 1724, replaced briefly by son Louis I)
- 1746-59 * King Ferdinand VI
- 1759-88 * King Charles III
- 1767 * Society of Jesus (Jesuits) expelled from Spanish America
- 1769 Father Junipero Serra and Captain Gaspar de Portola exploration in Alta California.
- 1780-81 * Indian revolt led by Tupac Amaru in Upper Peru
- 1781 * Comuero Revolt in Colombia
- 1788-1808 * King Charles IV Independence Era, 1791-1826
- 1791-1804 * Slave revolt on French island of Saint-Dominigue (Haiti) leads to independence
- 1793-1815 * Napoleonic Wars disrupt political rule in Europe
- 1799-1803 * German geographer Alexander von Humboldt explores Mexico and South America
- 1806 * British naval forces invade and briefly occupy Buenos Aires, Argentina
- 1807 * British forces invade and briefly occupy Montevideo, Uruguay; King John and his court flees to Brazil to escape Napoleon's invading armies in Portugal
- 1808-33 * King Ferdinand VII
- 1808 * Napoleon Bonaparte installs his brother Joseph on the Spanish throne
- 1810 * Creoles establish ruling juntas in Carcas, Venezuela, Santiago, Chile, Buenos Aires, Argentina; Hidalgo's "Grito de Dolores" in Mexico
- 1811 * Venezuela and Paraguay declare independence from Spain; Hidalgo killed and replaced by Morelos; Jos Gervasio Artigas leads battle for Uruguayan independence
- 1815 * Bolvar forced to retreat to the island of Jamaica
- 1816 * Argentina declares independence
- 1818 * Chile declares independence
- 1821 * Iturbide declares Mexico independent with his Plan of Iguala
- 1822 * San Martn and Bolvar meet a Guayaquil, Ecuador; the former departs for France and self-imposed exile; King Pedro declares Brazil independent from Portugal
- 1823 * US issues the Monroe Doctrine warning against recolonization of the newly independent Spanish American republics
- 1824 * Last patriot victories against the Spaniards: Bolvar at Junn in August and Sucre at Ayacucho in December; Pedro writes a new Brazilian constitution
- 1825 * Bolivia declares independence Aftermath of Independence, 1826-1860s
- 1828 * British force a settlement of the war between Argentina and Brazil over the "Banda Oriental." This long-contested land becomes newly independent Uruguay.
- 1829 * Venezuela leaves "Gran Colombia"
- 1830 * Ecuador leaves "Gran Colombia"; Simon Bolvar dies preparing to go into exile
- 1830s * Rise of caudillos, self-interested military dictators backed by private armies
- 1831-1844 * Pedro I forced to abdicate. Brazil ruled by committee--the Regency--a time of political fragmentation
- 1844-89 * King Pedro II rules Brazil
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Countries
